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transformational grammar
In linguistics, a transformational grammar or transformational-generative grammar (TG, TGG) is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that involves the use of defined operations called transformations to produce new sentences from existing ones. The concept was originated by Noam Chomsky, and much current research in transformational grammar is inspired by Chomsky's Minimalist Program.〔Chomsky, Noam (1995). The Minimalist Program. MIT Press.〕
==Deep structure and surface structure==
In 1957, Noam Chomsky published ''Syntactic Structures'', in which he developed the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation — a deep structure and a ''surface structure''.〔The Port-Royal Grammar of 1660 identified similar principles; 〕 The deep structure represented the core semantic relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the surface structure (which followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via ''transformations''. Chomsky believed there are considerable similarities between languages' deep structures, and that these structures reveal properties, common to all languages that surface structures conceal. However, this may not have been the central motivation for introducing deep structure. Transformations had been proposed prior to the development of deep structure as a means of increasing the mathematical and descriptive power of context-free grammars. Similarly, deep structure was devised largely for technical reasons relating to early semantic theory. Chomsky emphasizes the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory:
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